Rain

Also, Precipitation

Rain is water that falls in drops condensed from vapor in the atmosphere. Refer to this as precipitation, rather than rain.

Rainfall

The amount of precipitation, usually measured by depth in millimeters.

Rains

An area’s rainy season.

Real prices

Prices that have been adjusted for inflation. Real prices hold the value of currency constant, and allow you to compare the exchange value of a good or service in different time periods.

Reference market

A market that provides good information and orientation for food security analysis. Reference markets would include markets in areas characterized by food insecurity and vulnerability or key markets that influence the performance of other markets directly tied to food insecure and vulnerable populations.

Reference period

A defined period (typically 12 months) to which the baseline information refers, needed in order to analyze how changes in the future (in production, for example) can be defined in relation to the baseline. Typically chosen to reflect average or normal conditions.

See Reference year.

Reference year

Also, Baseline year

A defined recent consumption year to which the livelihood baseline information refers. A reference year is needed in order to analyze how changes in the future (in production, for example) can be defined in relation to the baseline. A reference year is usually a 12-month consumption year that begins with the start of the consumption year(i.e., start of main harvest in cropping areas and main rains in pastoral areas). Ideally, a reference year represents a "typical" year, neither especially bad nor especially good. There may be acute food insecurity in a typical year.

Relative prices

The exchange value of one good or service for another (i.e., the price of one good in terms of another). Usually measured in terms of the price ratio of the two goods.

Remote sensing

The collection of data on an object or area using sensors that can be handheld or mounted aboard drones, airplanes, or most commonly, satellite systems. Sensors on satellites orbit around Earth to observe climate, vegetation, and rainfall dynamics. Sensors detect and classify objects on land and oceans and in the atmosphere by receiving signals (for example, electromagnetic radiation reflected from Earth). Remotely sensed data are useful for assessing crop conditions and drought severity, among a range of other climatic and phenological factors.

Rents to arbitrage

The difference between the net marketing margin and the transfer costs accrued when transferring the product from one market to another or one point in time to another.

Reporting country

Where the trade flow was observed/enumerated, often at a specific Border Point.

Research & innovation

The process of coming up with new and efficient ways of utilizing scares resources to produce goods and services.

Resources utilization

Minimal degradation of resources (e.g. soil, forests, water a) in agricultural production and processing.

Response

Any action taken before, during, or after a potential change in food security to mitigate food insecurity or vulnerability to food insecurity and/or to avoid loss of life or livelihoods. A response can take the form of policies or programs (e.g., manipulation of strategic grain reserves to manage prices or supplies, food distribution).

Retail market

A market where commodities are largely sold to end users, especially consumers. Per transaction volumes tend to be smaller, for example, per kg or small bowl.

Retailers

Traders, merchants or storeowners who tend to sell to consumers and other end users. Retailers usually sell in smaller volumes than wholesalers; their average transaction size is smaller.

Risk

The combination of the probability of an event (hazard) and households’ vulnerability to the hazard along with their capacity to cope. Risk = f (hazard × vulnerability/coping).