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One of the four pillars of food security . A and describes a household's ability to physically, economically, and socially obtain a necessary amount of food on a regular basis by purchasing, bartering, borrowing, or receiving food aid or gifts.
See also: availabilityAvailability.
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Acute
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food insecurity
Food security at a specific moment in time, regardless of causes, context, or duration. Severity is defined by assessing the degree to which households can meet basic survival needs and maintain their normal livelihoods.
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Analogue
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year
A year in history that shares key characteristics with the current year and can therefore help to support assumptions about how the current year may progress. In food security analysis, analogue years are most commonly used in relation to climate and seasonal forecasts. Information about current atmospheric and oceanic conditions/patterns is used to identify similar years that may suggest likely precipitation and temperature behavior. Analogue years can also be used to look at other issues, such as market behavior and food prices.
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One of the four pillars of food security. The total amount of food that is present in a country or given area by means of domestic production, imports, food stocks, and food aid.
Availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid).
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Chronic
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food insecurity
Persistent or seasonal inability to consume adequate diets for a healthy and active life, mainly due to structural causes. Chronic food insecurity occurs even in normal, non-crisis years when shocks do not occur.
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Contending with difficulties and acting to overcome them. In food security, we typically speak of coping capacity and coping strategies. For the purpose of scenario development, we distinguish between coping strategies that, if successful, help to mitigate acute food and income deficits (e.g., the sale of assets) and coping strategies that indicate reduced dietary quantity or quality (e.g., skipping meals).
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Coping
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capacity
The ability of households to diversify and expand access to various sources of food, income, and other basic needs, and thus to cope with a specific stress.
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Crisis
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IPC phase 3. Households either:
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Are marginally able to meet minimum food needs but only by depleting essential livelihood assets or through crisis-coping strategies.
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See International Phase Classification (IPC).
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Emergency
IPC phase 4. Households either:
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Are able to mitigate large food consumption gaps but only by employing emergency livelihood strategies and asset liquidation.
See International Phase Classification (IPC).
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Equity
A situation in which resources are relatively distributed to all members of society.
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Famine
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IPC phase 5. Households have an extreme lack of food and/or other basic needs even after full employment of coping strategies. Starvation, death, destitution, and extremely critical acute malnutrition levels are evident. For Famine Classification, an area needs to have extreme critical levels of acute malnutrition and mortality.
See International Phase Classification (IPC).
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Food
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security (FS)
Food and nutrition security is achieved when adequate, safe, and nutritious food is available, accessible to, and well utilized by all individuals at all times to support a healthy and productive life.
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Food
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security conditions
The context with regard to external circumstances and influences related to food security; includes the variables, causal factors, and drivers of food security. Food security conditions are different from food security outcomes. Outcomes refer to the final situation faced by households or areas once all conditions and responses have been analyzed. For example, food security conditions may describe seasonal progress, food prices, and labor demand, while food security outcomes describe whether households are able to access and utilize the food needed for a healthy life.
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Food
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security outcomes
The net result of changes in household incomes and food access plus the effect of response by households, governments, or other actors in terms of food consumption, livelihoods maintenance, nutritional status, and mortality risk. Outcomes can be positive or negative. A description of food security outcomes should explain who is food insecure (e.g., what population or wealth group; the size of the food insecure population), and the expected duration and severity of food insecurity.
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Assistance that is intended to save lives, protect livelihoods, alleviate suffering, and provide basic necessities. Humanitarian assistance is usually initiated in response to a shock, such as civil war or a natural disaster. This can also include threshold-based programs that are triggered by a shock even if they are within the context of an inter-annual program. Programs focusing on immediate livelihood strengthening and prevention of further loss are also considered humanitarian. This type of assistance is typically short term (less than a year). However, some programs exceed the typical timeframe for humanitarian assistance (i.e., longer than a year) depending on the nature of the shock.
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Inter-
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annual assistance
Assistance that has a relatively long timeframe (generally two to five years) and is provided to beneficiaries on a regular basis. Safety net programs are a common form of inter-annual assistance. These programs focus on aspects of chronic food insecurity, reliance, or poverty reduction and the development of livelihoods over a longer timeframe.
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Lean
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season
The time of year when a household’s access to food and/or cash income is typically most constrained. This usually occurs during the months between harvests when food is scarce because household stocks have been exhausted and the harvest has not yet begun. During this period, households tend to be at greater risk of food insecurity. Use lean season and not hunger season or other terms.
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Minimal
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IPC phase 1. Households are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without engaging in atypical and unsustainable strategies to access food and income.
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See International Phase Classification (IPC).
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Most likely (ML)
A near term projection for the next three months.
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The second projection period (the second four months) within an eight-month scenario.
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Network
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development
A dedicated effort to strengthen cooperation and linkages among food security partners.
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Normal
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conditions
The typical or average range of attributes, characteristics, or relationships (e.g., weather, market behavior, livelihoods, etc.). They provide a framework, baseline, or reference period that can be compared to current and/or projected conditions.
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An act of foretelling based on observation, experience, or scientific reason.
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Presence
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countries
Countries where locally-based analysts work fulltime from a national office.
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Problem
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specification
The translation of a hazard such as drought into economic consequences at household level.
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Projected
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outcome
A quantified estimate of access to food and cash, taking into account the shock and household responses to it, in relation to a survival and livelihoods protection threshold.
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An estimate of future possibilities based on a current trend.
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Projection
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See Most Likely, Most Likely 1, Most Likely 2
period
Months selected for scenario period (e.g., typically eight months for a FEWS NET Food Security Outlook scenario).
See Most Likely, Most Likely 1, and Most Likely 2.
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Reference period
Also, Reference year
A defined period (typically 12 months) to which the baseline information refers, needed in order to analyze how changes in the future (in production, for example) can be defined in relation to the baseline. Typically chosen to reflect average or normal conditions.
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Risk
The combination of the probability of an event (hazard) and households’ vulnerability to the hazard along with their capacity to cope. Risk = f (hazard × vulnerability/coping).
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Shock
An atypical event or series of events (either rapid or slow-onset) that have a significant impact. Shocks can be positive (e.g. a significantly better-than-average harvest) or negative (e.g., a failed harvest or rising food prices). A shock differs from a hazard in that it is an event that has already occurred or is occurring, while a hazard indicates a potential threat.
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Stressed
IPC phase 2. Households have minimally adequate food consumption but are unable to afford some essential non-food expenditures without engaging in stress-coping strategies.
See International Phase Classification (IPC).
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Survival threshold
Also, Survival needs
The total food and cash income required to cover the food and non-food items necessary for survival in the short term. It includes:
100% of minimum food energy needs;
The costs associated with food preparation and consumption; and
Where applicable, the cost of water for human consumption.